Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Title abbreviation: Adv Clin Exp Med
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ISSN 1899–5276 (print)
ISSN 2451-2680 (online)
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Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

2020, vol. 29, nr 5, May, p. 557–563

doi: 10.17219/acem/118844

Publication type: original article

Language: English

License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)

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Thermal effect of Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG used for debonding ceramic and metal orthodontic brackets: An experimental analysis

Patrycja Downarowicz1,A,B,C,D,E,F, Paweł Noszczyk2,A,B,C,D,E, Marcin Mikulewicz1,C,D,E,F, Rafał Nowak3,C,E

1 Department of Facial Abnormalities, Division of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland

2 Department of Building Physics and Computer Design Methods, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland

3 Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland

Abstract

Background. In orthodontics, erbium (Er:YAG) lasers can be used for bracket debonding.
Objectives. To assess the changes in temperature of pulp and enamel during laser debonding of brackets.
Material and Methods. A total of 13 brackets (n = 13; 2 metal and 11 ceramic brackets) were bonded to 13 caries-free premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons. Brackets were irradiated with 2 lasers. Laser No. 1 was an erbium-chromium (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser (Waterlase Express; Biolase, Irvine, USA) with a wavelength of 2,780 nm at a power of 2.78–2.85 W, energy of 185–190 mJ, fluence of 10 ns, frequency of 25 Hz, pulse duration of 300 μs, tip diameter of 0.6 mm, air/fluid cooling of 3.5 mL/s, and time of irradiation of 5–25 s. Laser No. 2 was an Er:YAG laser (LiteTouch; Light Instruments Ltd., Yokneam, Israel) with a wavelength of 2,940 nm at a power of 4 W, energy of 200 mJ, fluence of 10 ns, frequency of 20 Hz, pulse duration of 300 μs, tip diameter of 0.8 mm, air/fluid cooling of 3.5 mL/s, and time of irradiation of 5–15 s. Two thermographic cameras (FLIR Zenmuse XT and FLIR P65; FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, USA) and type K thermocouple (Zhangzhou Weihua Electronic Co., Fujian, China) were used for precise temperature measurement on the surface of the teeth and inside them.
Results. When laser No. 1 was in use, the mean difference between the inner and outer temperature of the examined teeth (1.4°C) was higher than when the laser No. 2 was in use (0.6°C) (p = 0.0974). The study found that the temperature inside the tooth did not increase, and it even decreased during treatment with Er:YAG laser using water cooling, provided that appropriate proportion of water and air was used. For laser No. 1, confidence interval (CI) was between 0.7 and 2.2 and for laser No. 2 it was between 0.500 and 1.23. Only experiment for ceramic brackets was described.
Conclusion. These findings confirm that the use of Er:YAG family lasers for orthodontic bracket debonding in an in vitro study is safe and effective.

Key words

thermography, enamel, orthodontic treatment, thermocouple, tooth temperature

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